Impact of Dividend Policy on Share Price Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Nowadays, the business firm relates the dividend policy with the product life cycle (PLC). For an example, a firm with large cash flow, high growth rate and lower trends in project appraisal tries to pay more dividends to the shareholder, as the earnings of the firm are comparatively high. The firms with high growth rate follow different interesting patterns in order to change the pattern of such decisions and enhance the complexity (Lease, 56). Dividends totally depend on earnings of the business firm. If the earnings of business firms are increased, then the dividend should increase too. On the other side, the dividend cut denotes the decreasing trend of earnings. It is very essential to understand the situation, how the dividend payout policy affects the share price. Moreover, it will help to recognize the influence of dividend payout policy on share prices. The literature review starts with generalizing the overall scenario which called perfect capital market assumptions are as follows. Miller and Modigliani (MM) first introduced the contradiction of dividend announcement whether it effects on the share price or not. The augmentation of payout from the dividend needs to be combined with the increase of business growth according to the dividend discount model. We will write a custom essay sample on Impact of Dividend Policy on Share Price or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page Moreover, tax on the dividend is more than the tax on capital gain, which affects the fiscal policy. This case also influences the partialities of the tax-paying investors. The average tax paying investors can hold a well-diversified portfolio (Balanced portfolio) of high yield and low yield shares that offer the same facilities on the rate of return after tax.

Essay about Euthanasia Should Be Legal - 3711 Words

Euthanasia is a controversial issue. Many different opinions have been formed. From doctors and nurses to family members dealing with loved ones in the hospital, all of them have different ideas for the way they wish to die. However, there are many different issues affecting the legislation and beliefs of legalizing euthanasia. Taking the following aspects into mind, many may get a different understanding as to why legalization of euthanasia is necessary. Some of these include: misunderstanding of what euthanasia really is, doctors and nurses code of ethics, legal cases and laws, religious and personal beliefs, and economics in end-of-life care. Across Europe palliative care is an intensifying and acknowledged part of healthcare.†¦show more content†¦PAS is defined as a doctor intentionally helping a person to commit suicide by providing drugs for self-administration, at that person’s voluntary and competent request (Charles-Henri, et al, 98). The difference between the two is that euthanasia is death caused directly by the doctor whereas PAS is suicide performed by the person through their prescribed medication for doing so. These definitions first originated with the EAPC and then were later developed by the World Health Organization (Charles-Henri, et al 97). When a person has the full knowledge of these particular parts of health care, they are able to form a clearer and more fact based opinion. The EAPC performed their study for that very reason; they wanted to be able to clarify the position to which they would adopt towards euthanasia and its legalization (Charles-Henri). Euthanasia is one of the most complex and morally critical health care practice and policy issues that doctors and nurses must face and advocate for (Gardner). Even though doctors and nurses must follow some sort of code of ethics, following those codes can be difficult for some because their personal feelings about end-of-life care come into play making it problematic for them to truly rationalize the situation. Doctors are required to take the Hippocratic Oath, which in relation to euthanasia, states, â€Å"I will neither give a deadly drug to anybody if asked for it, nor will I make a suggestion to thisShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia Should Not Be Legal1683 Words   |  7 PagesEuthanasia is derived from the Greek, â€Å"eu† meaning good, and â€Å"thanatos† translating to death, together the word makes â€Å"good death†. A person who is terminally ill often goes through excruciating pain and suffering. Ultimately, the right to euthanize a terminally ill patient should be legal across the nation because that person doesn’t see an end to their anguish, so they wish to turn to euthanasia. Euthanasia frees the patient’s body and mind, lets them die with dignity, and their loved ones don’tRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legal? Essay1449 Words   |  6 Pages Euthanasia: The Right to Die Euthanasia is a concept that has been around for a very long time. It has been practiced since ancient Greece. We all have different opinions towards it; some of us might be for it and others against it. In most parts of the world Euthanasia is illegal. Many countries have denied the right to euthanasia, but is that fair and ethical? It is the painless killing of a patient’s agony from an incurable and painful disease. Euthanasia should be legal. SomeoneRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legal?1387 Words   |  6 Pagesunexpectedly† (Wpadmin). This shows that many people show aversion towards euthanasia and would not want themselves to be euthanized. Euthanasia occurs when someone is suffering from a painful or incurable disease and they prefer to die. It is done by taking them off of life support or not giving them essential supplies to live such as food, medications, oxygen, and more. There are countless debates of whether or not euthanasia should be legal, and whethe r or not it benefits people. Some countries allow itRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legal?1061 Words   |  5 PagesDetermining Euthanasia Millions of precious lives have been deliberately taken throughout the world due to the new Euthanasia Law. Euthanasia is the practicing of assisted suicide, due to terminally ill patients or depression. The practicing has just been legalized September 2015, and will be put into effect in California January 1 2016. Although, it is still being argued if adolescents should have the right fro this and if it’s morally correct all together. Euthanasia should be illegalRead MoreEuthanasia Should Not Be Legal1520 Words   |  7 Pages Euthanasia or commonly known as Physician-Assisted Suicide is defined as the painless killing of a patient who is suffering from an incurable and painful disease or is in an irreversible coma. It is an act that speeds up death. Some people consider euthanasia to be a mercy killing and others consider it to be murder. This practice is illegal in most countries. In the United States, however, six states have legalized physician-assisted suicide even though most states, 44 to be more specific, haveRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legal?1919 Words   |  8 Pages Euthanasia is a widely debated topic of the 21st century. Many places have legalized it, others refuse to even talk about the subject. However, more and more people are wanting their right to die to be recognized while others fight back against that right. A lot has to go into the backing and thinking about euthanasia, beginning with the different types that there are. After that, you would have to look at both sides to analyze why it would be a good practice to have, or a bad one. ManyRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legal?1311 Words   |  6 Pageshave used euthanasia, or physician assisted suicide. They used it with the purpose of releasing their soul and the pain that they could not endure any longer. Euthanasia is a process provided by the medical system today that involves active and passive euthanasia. Physician assisted suicide is spreading across the world, and people are using it legally. In the U.S, euthanasia has been legalized in some states so people are trying t o take advantage of it. Many people have used euthanasia so they wouldRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legal?1360 Words   |  6 PagesOwadara Adedamola ENG 101 Prof. Skeen 24 November 2015 Legalizing Euthanasia â€Å"Euthanasia is defined as conduct that brings about an easy and painless death for persons suffering from an incurable or painful disease or condition† (Muckart, et al 259). Euthanasia, also dying with dignity, is the practice of the termination of a terminally ill person s life in order to relieve them of their suffering. Euthanasia is one of today’s most controversial health issues with debates on people’s rightRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legal?2146 Words   |  9 PagesWho should be in charge of ending your life? Understanding euthanasia in its entirety can only be met when one knows the various forms it can take. They include passive, active, voluntary, and involuntary. Passive euthanasia refers to the practice of medical practitioners refraining from providing treatment in turn, allowing death. Active euthanasia, on the other hand, involves the deliberate killing of a person, using medical skills and knowledge as an instrument (Sheldon). The primary concern inRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legal?1183 Words   |  5 PagesThe word euthanasia is defined as good death, but this meaning cannot be taken literally without analyzing its underlying implications (Vaughn 595). The primary issues that must be raised when discussing euthanasia are differentiating between active and passive forms, analyzing the values that people place on their life and realizing that euthanasia is beneficial. Euthanasia provides a means for patients who are in agony to be relieved of their condition while ensuring that doctors follow appropriate

Interaction Analysis Challenges And Solutions Essay

Interaction Analysis: Challenges and Solutions Amin Davoodi Interaction analysis refers to an interdisciplinary method for experimentation of the interaction of people with each other and with their surrounding environment. It investigates our activities, verbal and nonverbal interaction, and the use of technologies, recognizing our regular practices and problems and the sources for their solution. It is deeply rooted in the fields like ethnography, sociolinguistics, ethnomethodology, conversation analysis, kinesics, and proxemics. Interaction analysis as a definite method has been differentiated from other kinds of data analyses. Although it is not taught by itself in any university curriculum, there is an increasing number of practitioners doing interaction-analytic work who help methods, approaches, and findings to the practices of the community of practitioners of interaction analysis. All methods have their own theoretical assumptions. They develop both concrete working practices and theoretical assumptions. Although practitioners of interaction analysis come from various disciplines and use, the results of their analyses for different aims share more or less obvious perception of the world that is shown and supported by the work of doing this kind of analysis. Moreover, they hold a common set of opinions about how to access that world. There is not still an obvious constitution of these framing assumptions and there is likely to be lack of agreement about whichShow MoreRelatedChallenges of International Relations966 Words   |  4 Pagesworld politics and that will most certainly lead to a future distribution of world power. This shift is also likely to decrease the barriers of long-standing state borders. All over the world there are many political systems. The pattern of interaction between international political actors has changed in the past and will change in the future. The difficult part is deciphering the temporary from the permanent transitions. An example of this would be the Cold War versus the September 11th attacksRead MoreGlobal Issue : New Information Technology Initiatives1625 Words   |  7 Pagesinitiative. It discusses the advantages of implementing these initiatives, identifies the challenges, and suggests vendors who could help implement these initiatives in the company. The 3 initiatives are customer relationship management (CRM), business intelligence (BI) analytics, and agile development methodology. CRM helps in understanding everything about the customers, including their business challenges, current use of products (both ours and competitors), and future plans; BI helps to increaseRead MoreAn Advanced Framework For Requirements1654 Words   |  7 Pagesel icitation is a critical and essential activity in the requirement engineering processes. It is a finite set of activities that complied in determination process of the system requirements. This includes identification of the system’s stakeholders, analysis of the current problem definition in application domain, an operating environment of the system and of all customers’ business and organizational environment. One of the major aspects in the failure of software projects is an improper system requirementRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Bts Debatescape1443 Words   |  6 PagesSWOT Analysis of BT’s Debatescape BT is one of the leading providers of communications solutions and services, operating in more than 170 countries. Customer relationship management (CRM) is the main activity for BT that interacts with both residential customers and commercial customers which constitutes BT Retail. With the launch of a number of initiatives that leverage web tools to reach customers, including enhanced website offerings, dedicated discussion forums, and online community portalsRead MoreBuilding a Networked Organization1552 Words   |  7 Pagesorganized by function and the reorganization will depend on effective collaboration. The existing relationships are providing through ONA analysis, a method for mapping relationships among people in a group. This case looks into the old structure under which departments are fragmented by geography and constrained by hierarchy and other gaps in connectivity. Challenges are listed for discussion and recommendations are provided for steps to be taken to align the department’s network with MWH’s businessRead MoreUsing A Human Centered Design Research Approach, The Emotional Impact On Cancer Patients1475 Words   |  6 Pagesincorporating the Human Centred Design method to investigate the emotional impact on patients in the healthcare environment. (Mullaney, 2012, p 27). HCD concentrates on the needs of a human subject in a design space, its processes aim to discover solutions that can be innovative in nature. Using a â€Å"quick ethnographic† technique consisting of field notes and photography the research was conducted in two phases. The first approach was to analyse the clinics daily activities its processes and the secondRead MoreThe Panther Flying Club Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesfor customer interaction and managing service-related information. This technology will aid the improvement all of our customer interaction and customer’s needs as well as collect information from our customers. This information will be utilized in providing information for management to direction operations to aid future marketing, sales, customer service, and customer retention requirements. In order to provide a voice for our customers and club members various customer interaction tools will beRead MoreStrategic Plan, Part Ii: Swott Analysis1373 Words   |  6 PagesPart II: SWOTT Analysis BUS/475 SWOTT Analysis Today’s business world is one of many challenges; challenges with our Federal Government encroaching upon the business world with regulatory changes and restrictions, challenges with an ever-changing economic climate that seems to swing in either direction and challenges with both political parties that engage in meaningless finger-pointing, rather than looking for solutions. Having a StrategicRead MoreBig Data Concept And Operating Systems1075 Words   |  5 Pagesintroduction to the Big Data concept and Operating Systems. The definition, use, quantification, and sources of big data are covered. This report further presents the challenges facing Big Data in the current business world and relates Big Data to Operating Systems. Also,it is presents the solution of Big data with some tool that used in the solution which is hadoop. The application of modern technologies in Big Data management such as internet, social media, and cloud computing are discussed. â€Æ' ContentsRead MoreCase Study : Delta Information Solutions795 Words   |  4 PagesInformation Solutions [1], a global business and technology services firm, struggling to meet the deadlines for delivering software solutions to one of its major client. The profit margins for Delta are falling down with existing Client’s dissatisfaction on delivery failures and setback of new clients. Delta Information Solutions was formed by the combination of Delta s legacy services consulting and outsourcing business and the integration of acquired METASYTEMS [1]. Delta Information Solutions provide

The Room Kit - Original Writing - 1238 Words

Livvy walked down the halls of the Institute towards the room Kit had chosen. As she rounded the corner, she noticed Ty sitting outside Kit’s door, book in hand. Livvy flopped down next to her twin. â€Å"What are you reading?† Livvy asked, peering over his shoulder. â€Å"I’m not really reading,† Ty answered. He lifted up his book to show her his writing in the margins. â€Å"It’s the Shadowhunter Codex. I’m making some notes in it for Kit.† â€Å"I’m pretty sure the codex will cover all the basic knowledge,† said Livvy. â€Å"What else is there to add?† â€Å"I’m just explaining more,† Ty said. â€Å"I’d imagine he’s pretty confused and upset. I mean think about what it must be like, losing your father and finding out you’re a Shadowhunter in the same day.† â€Å"I’ll†¦show more content†¦It had been so long since she had felt the cool sea breeze in her l ungs. Annabel was confused. The last thing she remembered was being locked away. She remembered being all alone in the tower, far away from her Malcolm. Annabel looked around. Where am I? Or maybe the more important question is when am I? Annabel thought, for she had no clue how long she had been at rest. Suddenly a name flashed in her mind. Emma. I must kill Emma. This deeply confused Annabel, as she knew no one named Emma. Why should she kill this person? * * * Livvy walked into the kitchen. Julian was at the stove making pancakes. Ty was already sitting at the table. He looked up at her. â€Å"Morning Livvy,† he said. â€Å"Good Morning,† she replied. Emma walked in with Tavvy. â€Å"But I want chocolate milk!† he said. â€Å"Tavs I already told you we don’t have any chocolate milk this morning. You drank the rest yesterday morning,† Emma replied. â€Å"You were supposed to get more,† Tavvy whined. â€Å"Come get your pancakes Tavvy,† said Julian. Tavvy glared at Emma before hurrying over to get his pancakes. â€Å"I’ll tell you what,† said Julian, â€Å"Since there isn’t chocolate milk, you can put sprinkles on your pancakes.† â€Å"Ok,† Tavvy said with a smile. Emma went and got her pancakes, and completely ignoring Julian, she brushed passed him and went to sit next to Mark, who was talking to Christina and Perfect Diego. Dru sat next to them, completely engrossed with every word Perfect Diego said. Livvy

Depression Low Mood Illness

Question: Describe about the Depression? Answer: Introduction Depression is understood as a state of mind which affect persons mood, feelings, thoughts and bodys well being. Usually people suffering from depression feel low, sad, nervous, worried, guilty and doomed to failure. They may be vulnerable to suicide attempts, fatigue, problems such as insomnia i.e. loss of sleep and low in energy. Being low in mood is a natural human sense, but if it is for sometimes. But in depression low mood lingers for many days and being in that for several days may point towards depression. Other symptoms which accompany with low mood in depression are sadness, and lose of appeal in the activities which once pleasure were doing (American Psychiatric Association. 2013). All this change may last for more than two weeks and may disrupt the daily human activities. It may bring that suffering individual to a feeling of no one, irrelevance, no importance and of no work to life and may ultimately causes him to attempt suicide. It is not a state of any kind of negative personality or failing, but is a very general and commonly occurring public health problem and a medical condition which could be treated. Who Is At Risk? Anyone could get suffered from depression, but moist of role is played by genes of the person. Genetics play a most important role in making person more prone to depression. Those people whose parents or siblings are suffering from depression are more prone to this disorder. Depression is a commonly occurring mental disorder and according to a survey done in United states (Krishnan, V.; Nestler, E., 2008) around 6.8 % of people in United States mostly adults are experiencing this depressive disorder. Women are 70% more likely prone to this depressive disorder than men during their life. The average age of 32 years is found to be for onset of depression, but about 4 % of teenage are found to be prone to this depressive disorder.; Some common signs and symptoms of depression are: Physical Depression is every so often related to physical symptoms. Such as: Exhaustion and low in energy. Sleeplessness especially in early morning. Too much sleep Constant aches or pain in head, legs, having spasm and problems in digestion. Appetite Another symptom and sign of depression is loss of appetite and weight loss, but many start eating more than required. So depression may lead to loss of weight or increase in weight gain. Depression could led to make problems in health to be worsen, and may cause chronic pain to occur. All this happens because our mood and sense of pain is controlled by specific chemical transmitters present in our brain. By treating depressive disorder we may improve the co- occurring illness too. Treatment of depression is very important as it is responsible for enhancement of other co-existing illness. Without the proper treatment of depression, the bodily and emotionally occurring disorder which is brought by depression could disrupt the career, all relations and loss of interest in their hobbies. It may also lead people to loss their concentration and confidence for making decisions of their own life. They lose their interest in the activities which they used to enjoy previously. In many severe cases un- treated depression may lead to life threatening incidences. What Causes Depression? The cause of depression is a serious medical research topic which according to a theory results from altered brain structure which may occur due to genetic change or heredity and its function. Doctors are still not sure about the main reason of depression but change in chemical functionality in brain may be the main reason for this. Researchers also think that during stress for example when they lose their loved ones, or breakups, depression may be triggered in people especially who have this heredity and are biologically related to this disorder (Surtees, P.; Wainwright, N.; Willis-Owen, 2006). Other chemicals which may trigger depression are some kind of medications, some abusive chemicals or alcohol, may also due to hormonal changes, even change in season may also trigger depression. Seasonal Depression When mood of the person changes with the season, than it is a form of depression called seasonal affective disorder (SAD). The onset of seasonal affective disorder usually occurs in the early winters and in late falls and as the days grows shorter. According to experts seasonal affective disorder affect almost 4 % to 21 % of all the people suffering from this disorder. Postpartum Depression The Postpartum depression is found in new mothers. Almost 12 % of new mothers have developed this depression as their bay comes out of them. They develop an intense dark mood swings that stay behind even when their baby blossom. The symptoms of this depression are same as of major depression. The main problem with this kind of depression is that babys health is also at risk. A mother who is depressed cant enjoy her motherhood and may have trouble making bond with her child. Depression in Children In United States according to a survey depression is found to occur in 2 % of children and one in all teenagers. Due to this the children are unable to enjoy their childhood. It interferes with their ability to play, to make friends and in completing their home work. Symptoms of this depression are also same as in adults and children facing this depression may found to be angry or engage in behaviour which may be risky called acting out behaviour. This depression is found to be difficult in diagnosing. Discussion Depression is most likely caused due to factors as genetic factors, biological factors, environmental factors and psychological factors. These factors may play their role individually or in combination with each other. As shown through various medical techniques as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), depressive disorder is the disorder of brain in which brain of person suffering from depression looks different from the brain of a normal non- suffering individual. The difference in the brain of both suffering and non suffering individual are seen in the parts which are involved in the Mood, thoughts, sleep, hunger or desire for food and behaviour of the person. But by looking and explaining these images we cant deduce that what is the main reason behind depression and why it has occurred. It also does not give us any idea for diagnosing the depression. It may just help in differentiating between imaging of a depressed and normal individual. But it has really helped doctors in confirming that in depression which brain part is usually most affected. Depression results from Biological factors: There is a great co- relation between depression and biology of that individual. According to the researchers, most of the depressive disorders are found to run within the families itself. Very rare depression occurs without and family history. So, scientists are studying that genetics play a major role in deciding whether the person is at higher or lower risk of depression in their lifetime. They have conducted research through surveys and have found that genes play a major role in deciding whether the person is prone to depressive disorder or not. According to some scientists in genetic research, the risk of depression results from the influential effect of some or several genes which act together with other factors as environmental factors or some social factors. In add to that, some situations like some trauma due to loss of their loved ones, breakups or any difficult relationships, any stressed situation may trigger the episodes of depression. Depression may occur also without a ny triggering situation or any trauma. Science has published an article which has influenced many in the year 2003 in a study done by Avshalom Caspi et al (2003), in that study he founded that by studying the interactions of genes with the environment it could be understand that why stress plays a vital role in triggering depressive disorders in some individual and not in others (Munafo, M.; Durrant, C.; Lewis, G.; Flint, J. 2009). These gene interactions depend on the allelic variability of gene named serotonin transporter linked promoter region (5 -HTTLPR). This result and study was revised and simulated by another scientist named Kenneth Kendeler and his group which has raised hopes in the genetics of psychiatry community (Kenneth Kendler et al. 2005). By the year 2007 there were around 11 simulations and replications done with about 3 partial replications and 3 non- replications in the context of gene environmental interactions. But two of the great studies done were proved to come with a negative outcome (Gillespie, N. A et al.2005). In 2009 two Meta analysis study was done which also comes with negative result, one of the study was with 14 studies and another was just five studies depending on the criteria taken for the study selection. In 2010 many reviews were found and studies performed comes out with around 17 replications , 8 partial replication in which interaction was seen only in females or in one of the types of adversity and 9 non- replications with almost no interactions or interaction in negative or opposite direction (Carlson, N. 2013). It is also found that a relationship or said to be a systemic relationship exists between the method used to assess the adversity in environment and in the results obtained. All the study was performed using objective indicators or planned interviews for assessing the effect of stress on the interaction of gene and environment fully or in partial manner whereas all non replications rely on the brief self reporting measures of adversity. Other BDNF polymorphisms are also hypothesised as genomic influences but the replicative studies are mixed and proved to be insufficient in 2005 Meta analysis studies. Studies also have shown that BDNF polymorphisms are associated with suicidal behaviour of people possessing that (Dwivedi Y, 2009). According to study in 2008 (Pezawas, L.; Meyer-Lindenberg, A.; Goldman, A. L , 2008) it is found that there is an interaction between BDNF and the serotonin transport, which is found in the signalling pathways of biological epistatsis. This signalling works as the BDNF allele Val66Met is found to be less responsive to the serotonin, was discovered to provide protective effects in the people having short 5-HTTLPR allele which is believed to predispose individuals to depression and its episodes after some stresses and traumatic events. So the BDNF mediated signalling is involved in Neuroplastic responses due to stress posed due to environmental and genetic factors. One of the other biological factor that control depression is Cicardian Rhythm, that controls the sleep cycles and waking of an individual. Depression results when there is some abnormalities in the circadian rhythm of body or called Biological clock of body. For an example rapid movement of eye sleep called REM sleep. It is the stage at which dreaming occurs. This may function by coming quickly and in intense manner in the depressive people (Risch, N.; Herrell, R.; Lehner, T.; 2009). REM sleep is found to occur in people when serotonin level starts decreasing in the brain stem and that is impaired by the chemicals as antidepressents. Anti- depressents acts by increasing the serotonin levels inside the brain stem. During sleep the serotonin levels are very low in the brain and are most active when the person is waking. When person is waked for excessive number of hours due to deprivation of sleep, than the serotonin system becomes active which lead to similar effect as of in therapeu tic use of anti- depressents such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors called SSRIs (Nierenberg, AA 2009). People who are depressed could experience a significant lift in mood after sleep deprivation. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors release depends on the increase of neurotransmission of serotonin for their therapeutic use (Uher, R.; McGuffin, P. (2008). SSRIs function by working in a way which blocks a receptor in the cells of brain that absorb the serotonin which will make serotonin available for amplification to the signals to the send the required messages in the brain between the nerve cells. When this signalling occurs than brain run the message that serotonin signals which will influence the behaviour, mood and influence the depression. Commonly prescribed SSRIs include Prozac, Celexa, Luvox, Zoloft, Paxil, Lexapro. As we know no drug or chemical is 100 % safe for anyone. SSRIs are recommended as the safest treatment for curing depression. And they usually do not cause an y problem when used with other medications. But precaution should be taken when used with other medications as Monoamine Oxidase inhibitors, Tramadol and zyvox. Reason behind that is these medications lead in developing High Blood Pressure or a medical condition which is called Serotonin Syndrome. Another study have suggested that other biological factor is effect of light therapy on the Seasonal affective Disorder which suggest that deprivation in light is correlated to decrease level of serotonin and in turn with abnormality in the sleep cycle which result in insomnia (Levinson, D. 2006). On the other hand increase exposure to light may increase the serotonin level and thus play a significant role in the upcoming from depression. It is seen that deprivation in sleep and therapy through light have focused on the same neurotransmitter system in brain and in the brain areas as antidepressant drugs which are now used to treat depression. So the main reason for depression in some individuals in is found to be Biological factors which have been discussed above. Genetic and environmental with stressed situations play a vast role in causing depression. Therapies used in treating depression are light therapy; sleep deprivation and sleep time displacement are used to treat depression in people in hospitals. Conclusion Depression as understood now is low mood illness which is directly or indirectly related with the brain and its function. Brain function is related with the genetic makeup of the genes in an individual. Because of this depression is said to be occurring in family History and in people who have this heredity. Various genetic factors play their role in triggering depression in an individual. People with low serotonin levels in brain may trigger depression easily. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter which activates brain function and is found in brain areas which control our mood, hunger, thinking, appetite and our behaviour. In people suffering from depression these functions are less able. So they suffer from low mood, less hunger or very hungry, changes in behaviour, less thinking capacity etc. With the main involvement of genes various environmental factors also play their role as any trauma, situations which are shocking and stressed environments which help in triggering depressive disorder. Insomnia and light deprivation also trigger depression as they trigger low serotonin uptake. So, various therapies as light therapy and talk therapy with sleep therapy are introduced in helping patients coming out of depression. Till now there is not any test through which depression could be diagnosed, usually doctors rely on patients symptoms and they ask about their medical and family history because they contribute for triggering of depression. Doctors usually discuss patients moods, their behaviour and ask about their routine and daily activities which help in relieving from depression. One of the treatments used for some many years is the extract from St. Johns Wort which is also called by botanical name as Hypericum perforatum. It is a herb used from centuries by many people as a herbal remedy for depression. In Europe it is used for centuries to treat mild and moderate depression. But know through recent studies it has been found that it is not used as it is no more effective in treating the depression. People with depression face loneliness too much and so developing a social support and friends in networking would help in coming out depression and may become a part of their treatment. They may join a social group, a book club which may help in connecting with people on regular basis. In the year 2000, the FDA authority has issued a letter in benefit of Public Health Advisory and this letter was stating that the herb called St. John Wort (Hypericum perforatum) is being found in interfering with some type of medications which are usually used in treating diseases of Heart, spasm, convolution, some kinds of cancers and in those which are used in transplantation especially in rejection of organ transplantation. This herb is also found to interfere with the efficiency and effectiveness of oral contraceptives. So this herb is only suggested to be under only after consulting Doctor. References 1. Avshalom Caspi, Karen Sugden, Terrie E. Moffitt, Alan Taylor, Ian W. Craig, HonaLee Harrington, Joseph McClay, Jonathan Mill, Judy Martin, Antony Braithwaite, and Richie Poulton (July 2003). "Influence of Life Stress on Depression: Moderation by a Polymorphism in the 5-HTT Gene". Science 301 (5631): 386389. doi:10.1126/science.1083968. PMID 12869766.2. Carlson, N. (2013). Physiology of behavior. (11 ed., pp. 578-582). United States of America: Pearson.3. Caspi, A.; Sugden, K.; Moffitt, T. E.; Taylor, A.; Craig, I. W.; Harrington, H.; McClay, J.; Mill, J.; Martin, J.; Braithwaite, A.; Poulton, R. (2003). "Influence of Life Stress on Depression: Moderation by a Polymorphism in the 5-HTT Gene". Science 301 (5631): 386389. Bibcode:2003Sci...301..386C. doi:10.1126/science.1083968. PMID 128697664. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Association. 2013.5. Dwivedi Y (2009). "Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: role in depression and suicide". Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 5: 43349. doi:10.2147/NDT.S5700. PMC 2732010. PMID 197217236. Gillespie, N. A.; Whitfield, J. B.; Williams, B.; Heath, A. C.; Martin, N. G. (2005). "The relationship between stressful life events, the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) genotype and major depression". Psychological Medicine 35 (1): 101111. doi:10.1017/S0033291704002727. PMID 15842033.7. Kendler, K.; Kuhn, J.; Vittum, J.; Prescott, C.; Riley, B. (2005). "The interaction of stressful life events and a serotonin transporter polymorphism in the prediction of episodes of major depression: a replication". Archives of General Psychiatry 62 (5): 529535. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.5.529. PMID 15867106.8. Krishnan, V.; Nestler, E. (2008). "The molecular neurobiology of depression". Nature 455 (7215): 894902. Bibcode:2008Natur.455..894K. doi:10.1038/nature07455. PMC 2721780. PMID 18923511.9. Levinson, D. (2006). "The genetics of depression: a review". Biological Psychiatry 60 (2): 8492. doi:10 .1016/j.biopsych.2005.08.024. PMID 16300747.10. Munafo, M.; Durrant, C.; Lewis, G.; Flint, J. (2009). "Gene Environment Interactions at the Serotonin Transporter Locus". Biological Psychiatry 65 (3): 211219. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.06.009. PMID 1869170111. Nierenberg, AA (2009). "The long tale of the short arm of the promoter region for the gene that encodes the serotonin uptake protein". CNS spectrums 14 (9): 4623. PMID 19890228.12. Pezawas, L.; Meyer-Lindenberg, A.; Goldman, A. L.; Verchinski, B. A.; Chen, G.; Kolachana, B. S.; Egan, M. F.; Mattay, V. S.; Hariri, A. R.; Weinberger, D. R. (2008). "Evidence of biologic epistasis between BDNF and SLC6A4 and implications for depression". Molecular Psychiatry 13 (7): 709716. doi:10.1038/mp.2008.32. PMID 18347599.13. Risch, N.; Herrell, R.; Lehner, T.; Liang, K.; Eaves, L.; Hoh, J.; Griem, A.; Kovacs, M.; Ott, J.; Merikangas, K. R. (2009). "Interaction between the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), stressful life events, and ri sk of depression: a meta-analysis". Journal of the American Medical Association 301 (23): 24622471. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.878. PMC 2938776. PMID 19531786.14. Surtees, P.; Wainwright, N.; Willis-Owen, S.; Luben, R.; Day, N.; Flint, J. (2006). "Social adversity, the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) polymorphism and major depressive disorder". Biological Psychiatry 59 (3): 224229. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.07.014. PMID 1615454515. Uher, R.; McGuffin, P. (2008). "The moderation by the serotonin transporter gene of environmental adversity in the aetiology of mental illness: review and methodological analysis". Molecular psychiatry 13 (2): 131146. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002067. PMID 17700575

Classification of Music free essay sample

Essentially, a comic book Is a graphic, animated, colorful booklet, which could be black and white as well, and It also tells a story. (Types of Comic Books). As crazy as It may seem, music videos also have the same characteristics. If you think about It, music videos can be very graphic, animated, colorful or black and white, and they tell a story also. Music videos can be divided Into three major genres according to the mood, style, and the fanzines, which usually refer to- essentially if you break it down- fans. (Types of Comic Books). The most known type of music videos is hip-hop videos.Hip-hop videos are the most popular simply because they are looked down upon the worst, or the most talked about. The mood of a hip-hop video can either make someone hype or put them on chill mode. For example, when Wiz Kalmia came out with the music video Black and Yellow it made people from down south hype because we knew he was talking about our home football team The Saints. An example of hip-hop music that puts you on chill mode would be something like Drake and Ill Wanes song called Brand New. Its something you can Jam while smoking, riving, or simply thinking.It Just really brings you too new level of thought. The style of hip-hop music videos Is quite different from any other types of music videos. They Involve a lot of big flashy Jewelry, girls with big butts In tight skimpy outfits, a lot of cursing, and also pimped out cars. As for the fans of hip-hop music videos, the ages and races vary but, a vast majority of them are young African American males. Most likely this is because most of the people seen rapping in hip-hop music videos are young African American males. The second type of music videos is rhythm blues videos.These videos are usually about sex, love, or pain. So typically one can feel many different emotions from an r b music video, it just all depends on what its about. For example the music video Love sung by Geisha Cole gives Off feeling of wanting to be loved or the Joy one feels when they are In love. The music video Invented Sex sung by Trey Songs is clearly about sex so however sex makes you feel, thats how you would feel about this video. Then theres the song Please Dont Go by Tank which exerts the pain of losing a loved one. R b music videos, as you can see, can exert many different moods.The style of r b is for the most part very smooth, sensual, and soulful. It gives people a piece of mind. Rhythm and blues styles have changed a lot over the years but it continues to be the most popular songs at weddings. As for r b videos, they usually involve only two people, a man and a woman. Most of the time in r b videos the two people involved are having a wedding, fighting, or making love. Most r b fans are older married couples who know what real love and hurt is all about. The true fans understand what the singer is trying to portray in the video, probably because it looks similar to a situation they eave been In before.The last type of music video is gospel videos. Everyone should agree that there Is something about gospel music videos that Just makes you get up and dance or Just cry out to God. The mood of gospel music videos Is very dynamic. They can be sad, as If you know youve done something wrong and you Just want to cry out to God and apologize for it, or they can make you really happy and excited praise God for all that hes done in your life. Not only can gospel music videos change your mood but they can also change your life if you really pay attention to them.For example, the song Never Would Have Made It by Marvin Sapp brought a lot of unsaved souls in the church to get saved. Seeing that music video Just makes you want to become fully devoted to God. It also exerts a sad feeling to those who know they are doing wrong. As for the music video l Smile by Kirk Franklin, it brings one a feeling of Joy that God has watched over you and kept you in his hands all your life. This song is actually so powerful that it is being played on radio stations that are actually only meant for hip-hop and r b songs.So you know there is something rueful in this music video. The style of gospel music is very real. By that I mean it is not a game. When people sing gospel music, they feel something. Their song comes from the heart, which is why gospel music touches so many souls. The style of gospel music is also very dynamic. The singers range from women to men all the way down to children. They even have gospel rappers nowadays. As for the actual videos, the setting is usually in a church or outside. The upbeat songs include dancing in the videos and the slow songs usually Just follow the story line. Fans of gospel music ideas usually include Christians who are involved in the church. It mostly includes African American Christians, simply because most, not all, gospel music and music videos are made by African Americans. Both comic books and music videos must come to an end at some point, and at this point this paper is coming to an end also. Do remember that music videos can be broken down into three genres according to mood, style, and fanzines. Those three genres are hip-hop, r b, and gospel. They all are alike by them all being music and they all have mostly African American fans.Each genre has its own unique style but the emotional outcomes of these different genres of music videos are quite different. Hip-hop exerts mostly anger, excitement, and pits you on a chill mode. R b exerts a feeling of love, rather you want to be loved or you love someone else. It also exerts pain, like when your loved ones hurt you. Finally, gospel exerts a feeling of Joy and sorrow also. You feel Joy that God is in your life and sorrow when you know you have disappointed him. Either way, all three of these different types of genres have similarities and differences, but they are all still a part of the music video industry.